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Latest Class 8th Science NCERT Concepts & Solutions
1. Crop Production And Management
This chapter focuses on agricultural practices crucial for food production in India. It covers essential steps like preparing the soil, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilisers, irrigation, protecting crops from weeds and pests, harvesting, and proper storage. Understanding these processes is vital for ensuring food security and efficient use of resources, considering the large agrarian base of the country.
2. Microorganisms : Friend And Foe
Microorganisms are tiny living beings found everywhere, some beneficial and others harmful. This chapter explores various types of microbes like bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. It discusses their roles as friends (e.g., in making curd, antibiotics, decomposition) and foes (causing diseases like typhoid, malaria, common cold). Understanding microbes helps us appreciate their impact on health, food, and the environment.
3. Coal And Petroleum
Coal and petroleum are important fossil fuels formed over millions of years from dead organisms. This chapter explains their formation, extraction, and processing. It discusses their uses as major energy sources in industries, transport, and homes. The chapter also highlights that these resources are finite and need conservation, stressing the importance of finding alternative energy sources for the future.
4. Combustion And Flame
Combustion is the process of burning, producing heat and light. This chapter explores combustion by identifying combustible substances and the conditions necessary for burning (fuel, oxygen, ignition temperature). It discusses different types of combustion (rapid, spontaneous, explosion) and explains the structure of a flame, seen when substances like LPG or candles burn, detailing its different zones.
5. Conservation Of Plants And Animals
Protecting biodiversity and natural habitats is crucial. This chapter discusses the importance of conserving plants and animals, explaining the causes of deforestation and its consequences like soil erosion and climate change. It introduces methods of conservation, including setting up wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and biosphere reserves, highlighting efforts to protect endangered species and maintain ecological balance.
6. Reproduction In Animals
Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced. This chapter explains the different modes of reproduction in animals. It details asexual reproduction (like budding in Hydra) and sexual reproduction, involving the fusion of male and female gametes, leading to internal or external fertilisation and the development of embryos into new individuals.
7. Reaching The Age Of Adolescence
Adolescence is a period of significant physical and psychological changes leading to sexual maturity. This chapter delves deeper into the transformations occurring during this phase, including growth spurts, changes in body shape, voice, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics, driven by hormones. It also touches upon emotional and intellectual development and the importance of hygiene and nutrition during adolescence.
8. Force And Pressure
A force is a push or a pull that can change an object's state of motion or shape. This chapter introduces the concept of force, its types (contact and non-contact forces), and its effects. It also explains pressure, defined as the force acting per unit area ($\textsf{Pressure} = \frac{\textsf{Force}}{\textsf{Area}}$), and discusses pressure exerted by liquids and gases, illustrating its applications in daily life.
9. Friction
Friction is a force that opposes relative motion between two surfaces in contact. This chapter explains friction, its causes (interlocking irregularities), and types (static, sliding, rolling). It discusses how friction can be both necessary (e.g., for walking) and undesirable (causing wear and tear). Methods to increase or decrease friction, such as using lubricants or wheels, are also explored.
10. Sound
Sound is a form of energy produced by vibrations. This chapter explores how sound is produced, its propagation through different media (solid, liquid, gas), and the need for a medium to travel. It discusses the characteristics of sound waves, such as amplitude (related to loudness), frequency (related to pitch), and speed, explaining how we hear and the distinction between musical sound and noise.
11. Chemical Effects Of Electric Current
Electric current can cause chemical changes when passed through certain liquids (electrolytes). This chapter introduces the chemical effects of electric current, including electrolysis – the decomposition of a substance by electricity. It discusses experiments demonstrating this effect and its practical applications, such as electroplating (depositing a thin layer of one metal on another), which is common in various industries.
12. Some Natural Phenomena
This chapter examines two powerful natural phenomena: lightning and earthquakes. It explains how lightning is caused by the accumulation and discharge of electric charges in clouds and the ground. It describes earthquakes as vibrations in the Earth's crust and discusses their causes and effects. The chapter also highlights safety measures to be taken during these events.
13. Light
Building on previous concepts, this chapter explores the nature of light further. It discusses reflection and refraction – the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another. It explains how lenses (convex and concave) work and how the human eye functions, describing its structure and how it forms images. The chapter also touches upon the dispersion of light, like in a rainbow.